Vitamin A retinol.

Antioxidant; component of visual pigments.

Deficiency --> night blind

B1 in TPP (cofactor for several enz):
1. PDH (glycolysis)
2. alphaKG DH (TCA)
3. Transketolase (HMP shunt).
4. branched chain AA DH.

Defic --> Wernicke Korsakoff, "Ber1ber1".

See defic in MALNUTRITION and ALCOHOLISM.

B2 riboflavin

cofactor in REDOX. (FADH2).

FAD and FMN are derived from riboflavin.

Deficient B2--> 2C's --> cheilosis (lips inflamm),
and corneal vascularization.

B2 = 2 ATP!

B3 Niacin; derived from Trp.

synth REQUIRES B6.

consitit. of NAD+ and NADP+ (REDOX RXNS).

Deficiency --> Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
= DDD for B3).

deficiency CAUSED by Hartnup's (Trp absorption
problem).

EXCESS = niacin flush.

B3 = 3 ATP

B5 pantothenate

Pantothen-A is in CoA!! (cofactor for ACYL TRANSFERS)
and FATTY ACID SYNTHAS.

deficiency = dermatitis, adrenal insuff.

B6 pyridoxine

converted to Pyridoxal phosphate --> cofactor in
TRANSAM. RXNS (ALT, AST), DECARBOX, GLYCOGEN
PHOSPHORYLASE, and HEME SYNTH.

** required for synth of niacin from Trp.

B12 cobalamin

cofactor for HOMOCYSTEIN METHYLTRANSFERASE and
METHYLMALONYL-COA MUTASE.

defic --> megablastic anemia.

homocyst+N-methylTHF --B12--> Methionine + THF

methylmalonylCoA --B12--> Succinyl-CoA

Folic acid converted to THF (coenzy. for 1C transferse/methylation
RXNs).

synth of bases in DNA and RNA.

defic --> megablastic anemia; seen in ALCHOLISM, and
PREGNANCY...

also def. via drugs (sulfonamides, MTX)

Defic --> convulsions, periph neuropathy.

Biotin cofactor for carboxylation enzymes:
1. Pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate --> oxaloacetate).
2. acetylCoA carboxylase (acetyl-CoA--> malonylCoA).
3. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (propionyl-CoA -->
methylmalonyl-CoA).

Def RARE --> (dermatitis) caused by antiobiotics or
excessive raw eggs ( Avidin )

Vit C (ascorbate) antioxidant

1. facilitates iron absorb by keeping iron in Fe2+ state
(more absorbable).
2. proline and lysine hydroxylation.
3. dopamine beta hydroxylase (dopamine --> NE)

Vitamin D 25-(OH)D3 --> storage form
1,25 (oh)2 D3 --> active form.

incrases intestinal P and Ca absorb.

increases bone resorb.

defic --> rickes (kids), osteomalacia (adults).

excess 00> hypercalcemia, see in SARCOIDOSIS.

Vitamin E E for erythrocytes.

antiox; protects eryth's from free radical damage.

defic --> hemolytic anemia.

Vitamin K K for Koag... need for synth of II, VII, IX, X.

gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid in BLOOD CLOT
ENZYMES.

synth'd by intestinal flora.

defic --> hemmhorage (neonate) increase PT, increase
aPTT; NORMAL BLEEDING TIME.

can happen after antibiotic long term use.

WARFARIN = vitamin K antagonist.

defic --> scurvy